The Irony Of Liberation Essays - Lucille Eichengreen, Irony

The Irony Of Liberation In spite of the fact that this paper had a couple of accentuation issues, I made a B+ on it and this is a sophmore level class. The Irony of Liberation At the point when the emancipators came, they accompanied any desire for taking out the torment and savagery the Nazi Germans were forcing on the Jews. People accompanied the expectation of discharging casualties from the malevolent hook that had gotten a handle on Jews for such a long time. A few deliverers accompanied that the Jews would be given another life, an existence of opportunity. In any case, opportunity was a long way from what Jews were given after freedom. To the numerous Jews, who remained on the opposite side of the spiked metal perimeter, freedom was not a chance to celebrate. However, it was a chance to attempt to get what particles of life that remained. As Lucille Eichengreen clarifies in her tribute story of freedom day, freedom was not about opportunity. It was normal that there would be losses of war. U.S and Russian armed force men had seen survivors of war before[,] [RO] and nothing could be stunning. Or on the other hand right? As armed force men moved toward the spiked metal perimeters, many panted with sickening apprehension, knocked some people's socks off, and a few men got wiped out. With their fingers ringed firmly around metal strings, Jewish spirits stood, looking at youthful sound men. Void eyes looked back at these youthful and solid bodies, bodies that were an incidental affront to the half-living. Time was still at one second, and quick sent the following. After all that had occurred, were these casualties truly free? Was it a chance to celebrate? Where might they go now? Who might take them? Substantially less, who might accept that such savagery occurred? The looks got by medical attendants were not looks that indicated compassion, nor sympathy, however rather offered back the pictures of Nazi philosophy; the possib ility that Jews were tarnished, powerless and weak individuals. Also, they were, yet not willingly. Despite the fact that shading appeared to be reestablished as deliverers drew nearer, it additionally brought back the shade of feelings. For such a long time, Jews had desensitized themselves to the outrages they confronted every day. Being ?free? presently implied searching for leftovers of life. For some, freedom was essentially a token of such was lost. Eichengreen clarifies, ?Despite our freedom, I was absolutely without trust? (340). There were the individuals who thought of their friends and family who succumbed to the fury of Hitler's last arrangement. While others, particularly kids pondered who might think about them. Many felt regretful that they endure and their loved ones didn't. For some, freedom was not a quick greeting to another life. Reviewing freedom day, Eichgreen says, ?I hosted longed for an extraordinary gathering, with exhibition, music, moving and firecrackers. There was, be that as it may, just reestablished distress for the dead and little trust in the living?(342). The individuals who found the solidarity to travel back home were hit significantly harder by previous neighbors. As previous Jewish occupants got back home, many were advised to leave, in spite of the ?freedom?. There were additionally those less lucky, who had no home to come back to, known as ?Displaced Persons?. Alongside the dislodged people, lived Nazi supporters, who routinely rehearsed enemy of Semitic practices. So once more, the inquiry emerges: Were the Jews truly ?freed Despite the fact that all may have appeared to be lost, one must remember that the Jews are survivors. What's more, endure is the thing that they did. Only soon after freedom, Jewish outsiders were wedding, youngsters were conceived and life won. In spite of the fact that Jewish individuals will never be freed from the bad dreams of Hitler's rule, maybe the capacity to recharge life through new birth, will. Book index Pictures from The Holocaust: A Literature Anthology Jean E. Earthy colored, Elainw C. Stephens, Janet E. Rubin

Narrative Therapy of Depression-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Compose a basic assessment of the Narrative Therapy Session, giving models from the meeting refering to the transcripts gave, distinguish the qualities and shortcomings of the model by and by, and talk about any moral and expert issues that may be recognized. Answer: Presentation: Human brain is frequently contrasted with a maze. Genuinely stated, it is hard to comprehend what an individual may feel at a given time or how he/she may react to a little thing. Studies uncover that our past experience assume a basic job in deciding how we may respond to up and coming circumstances or how would we approach our lives later on. The human psyche stores away data in far away corners. Deliberately it is incomprehensible for a person to comprehend what lies in the more profound layers of our experience. (Ribeiro et al, 2016,p.687)We are connecting with ourselves each second, that too without acknowledging it! Along these lines it tends to be noticed that experience assume a significant job in the life of a person. The Narrative Therapy approach depends on this conviction. Specialists help people to defeat any issue that they may be looking by digging as far as they can tell or stories. Created by Michael White and David Epston, account hypothesis is a type of treatment which makes an individual glance at his/hers concern from a third eye point of view and urges individuals to utilize their abilities to address the issue that they may be confronting. Despite the fact that out a people life a people individual encounter proceed to make parts in their life story. These encounters and stories are enchased by the specialist to enable the storyteller to comprehend the reason for his/hers life.( Vetere Dowling,2016,p.12) The treatment discovers its base on the characteristic capabilities and aptitudes which people process normally and how these can be utilized in the critical crossroads to assist them with managing their own life. Along these lines story treatment can be expressed as a nonpathologizing, shared and engaging strategy for mediation. The treatment utilizes the system of externalizing discussion, re-composing, recollecting discussion and extraordinary results. Externalizing discussion underlines the way that the individual isn't the issue. It is the circumstance which requires change. Re-writing center around the inside thoughts an individual may have and how these thoughts can be made use to acquire change the present circumstance, for example changing or re-writing new stories. Recalling discussion help people to relate to their social accomplishment. At long last remarkable result control the customer towards the more current fields. In the accompanying task we will investigate the viable instances of utilizing the treatment and in this way see how the different parts of the equivalent work. In the accompanying model we run over a little youngster concentrating in the eighth norm. Like most if the children of her age, Kristy is over troubled and discovers it incredibly hard to keep up a powerful scholastic foundation, a functioning public activity , just as dealing with her bushel ball exercises. (Gonalves et al, 2016,p.460)She made it understood through her discussion with Steven Mulligan (specialist) that the procedure is tiring, since she needs to rehearse an exacting time the executives procedure. Using account treatment, Kristy comprehended that it is significant for her to get familiar with this compelling artwork of time the executives since it is a significant component of her future occupation jobs Story treatment lays on the idea that just generalizing the issue or expressing it goes about as a the arrangement of the equivalent. For instance Kristy feels she can't give the necessary measure of thoughtfulness regarding the exercises that she seeks after. Anyway through the procedure of the treatment she comes to express that she is certain that she isn't the just one in her age bunch confronting this issue. She knows many other eighth grader think that its hard to deal with their exercises, yet in the end they complete it at long last. Consequently there is some method of doing it and continuously she will have the option to distinguish it. The method utilized for this situation is called re-creating or re-storying .In this model the professional causes the customer to locate their own voice and portray their story. It is accepted, that this model, through narrating, help a person to discover importance and reason as far as they can tell. This method is so named since it enables customers re-to compose their story dependent on their own understanding.( Lopes et al,2014p.670) While this account treatment continues, the advisor and the customer is to build up an elective story line, this enables the customer in setting up a difference between the issue and the people to genuine nature, and gives the customer a chance to revise their current story. For instance, Steven Mulligan gets some information about what her folks, grandparents, companions and her sister see of her. Kristy answers that her companions may state that she is steadfast, genuine and strong. Her folks may state that she is a decent kid, concentrated on stu dies and avoids inconvenience. These thoughts regarding what others may think about her may give Kristy the certainty required right now and assist her with confronting the issue close by. Another way, account treatment helps individuals is by recognizing what perhaps missing however inferred. By understanding the issue, it is conceivable to find, what is genuinely imperative to the individual, in a more extensive setting; past the issue. This helps the individual by distinguishing the encounters which may not be noticeable forthright yet control their decisions and choices sometime down the road. Like Kristy realizes that she ought not participate in exercises which she probably won't have the option to deal with right now. In any case, she has built up this thought she ought not be burning through or whiling her time. Subsequently regardless of whether she may be enduring under the burden of time the executives, she partakes in exercises, hence keeping herself pre involved.( Ricks et al,2014,p.100) Beneath this, Kristy displays a profound worry for her precious once. She feels awful when she can't offer time to her companions, family and grandparents. This is featured when she feels her sister; Kelly may state that Kristy ought to associate with all the more frequently. She likewise wants to confront the desires that her relatives may have of her and to do right by them. The strategy for account treatment underlines the people, for this situation Kristys quality and aptitudes. The specialist supposedly is persuading Kristy occasionally by saying that she has got things in her control at a youthful age. Another significant quality of the technique is, it permits the person to tackle the difficult themselves. (DeMille Montgomery,2016,p.10) Through the discussions advisors cause the customers to understand their shrouded potential and how they can utilize these concealed stories to conquer their present issue. For instance the discussion with Kristy began the note that the little youngster was worried about how she is going to successfully deal with her an opportunity to consolidate all the exercises that she participates in, including her scholastics and public activity.( Gudio et al,2017,p.270) Through the discussion, the specialist had the option to help Kristy to understand that she has a solid self discipline and a firm assurance dependent on which she can assume control over anything she wishes to. Notwithstanding that the specialist helped in building equal storyline for the young lady. Kristy supposedly mentions during the discussion that her companions have solid confidence in her choice, and frequently come to look for advices from her. This will go on to re accentuation the certainty level of the little youngster, and settle on her understand that whatever choice she takes according to powerful time the executives will be an idea after one. The treatment encourages the customer to take a gander at their concern equitably. This thusly encourages the customer to think about elective understanding to the accounts. Like at first Kristy appeared to be very vexed about the way that she can't consolidate every one of her exercises inside a given time allotment. (Denborough,2014,p.200).However, as the discussion continues she apparently is worried about making her folks pleased. It is in this light, it is uncovered that she par ticipates in various exercises alongside her wants to keep a high scholastic score. Notwithstanding the previously mentioned merits, the hypothesis is very innovative and a good time for the individuals who have been getting help previously and have been baffled. (Robinson, Jacobsen Foster,2015,p.30) Since brain research is the science that manages the human psyche, it hard to advance an ideal instrument or strategy for examining circumstances and individuals. To that end account hypothesis is set apart by specific constraints.( Ribeiro et al,2016,p.170) Firstly contrasted and oriental techniques for brain research, for example, psychotherapy, story treatment is new but then doesn't have solid literary works to help it. Another issue looked in this treatment strategy, is numerous a period customers think that its awkward to be their own exp0ert while driving the procedure. In spite of the fact that this method ends up being useful for some, it has a couple of negative effects. (Ikonomopoulos et al,2015,p.461) This technique depends vigorously on a people past involvement with request to take care of the present issues. Be that as it may, numerous a period, people distinguish themselves through the issues he/she has experienced before, along these lines leaving them miserable, con fined and void. At long last this strategy can't be applied to a wide range of customers. For instance, a customer with low mental capacity won't have the option to make use if the strategy, the equivalent is applied for customers with restricted language abilities. Like different treatments, story treatment additionally has a worry of moral issues. Since it includes distinguishing and getting to the individual data of customers, elevated level of classification must be kept up by professionals.( Graham,2017,p.705) For instance for this situation, the advisor seeked for Kristys authorization so as to utilize their discussion for instance. Notwithstanding that advisors should likewise comprehend the social effect

AIDS Walk San Francisco

AIDS Walk San Francisco This Sunday, I am participating in the 2006 AIDS Walk San Francisco. My friend Tiffany 06 invited me to join her companys team, and Laura 06 will be walking with us as well. If youre in the Bay Area this weekend, please join the 10K event. We leave from the eastern end of Golden Gate Park. 9:00 a.m. Sign-In opens 9:30 a.m. Aerobic Warm-Up sponsored by Kaiser Permanente. 9:45 a.m. Opening Ceremony in Sharon Meadow. 10:30 a.m. AIDS Walk begins! 12:30 p.m. Post-Walk concert and family entertainment in Sharon Meadow Official SF AIDS Walk website And now for the fundraising: This is a very important issue to me so I have set an ambitious fundraising goal. I want to do as much as I can to make a difference in the lives of men, women, and children affected by HIV and AIDS. Even though there has been a lot of publicity about drug treatments which are prolonging some peoples lives, they dont work for everyone and there is still no cure in sight. Moreover, young people are still getting infected at alarmingly high rates. I want your help. Will you please sponsor me for the AIDS Walk? Just click on the website address below to enter my personalized web page and charge your donation. Thank you, in advance, for supporting this important cause and for showing that you join me in wanting to end this epidemic. Mitras AIDS Walk site Thanks.

Marketing Analysis The Jw Anderson Product - 1974 Words

(brand positioning) (timeline) Product The JW Anderson product range consists of menswear, womenswear and unisex garments and accessories. They currently produce six collections annually - two menswear and four womenswear. (recent collections page on brand book) (Price ranges per item) Since its beginning, the brand been characterised by its gender defying designs, mixing masculinity and femininity in a very contemporary way and creating the idea of a shared closet. â€Å"It’s not gender for me, it’s just clothing,† Jonathan Anderson said. â€Å"I feel that in a modern culture, if it’s about gender then it’s a very dated concept.† This had been particularly notable in his menswear collections due to society’s more typically conservative attitudes towards the way men dress. J.W. Anderson has been known to send male models wearing mini skorts, crop tops, leather dresses and ruffled knee-high boots down the runways. This uncompromising approach of avant-garde minimal androgyny is a solid USP and provides a niche within the ready-to-wear market. According to Anderson in an interview with The Business of Fashion; â€Å"I think the brand will always be about androgyny,† he continues. â€Å"I love the relationship b etween men and women — that coupling. Men with men, women with women, women and men, that kind of mixture of sex and sharing of garments — I think it’s normal. It’s about wearing clothes that tell a story and an emotion; it’s not so much about gender.†Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture and Performance – Evidence from the Fast Food Restaurant Industry8736 Words   |  35 Pagessuccessful. However, two trends may have major inï ¬â€šuence on the viability of the continuing success of the standardized product. First, the general tourism literature (e.g. Poon 1994) indicates that with increasing afï ¬â€šuence, travellers and customers expect more than the standardized product, in as much as they expect sensitive attention to individual needs and customized products. The second trend is the rapid expansion of the standardized fast food/standardized service concepts that may imply anRead MoreDissertation-Viral Marketing27075 Words    |  109 PagesKapil Gupta Viral marketing of digital products using social media Dissertation presented for the Degree of Masters of Business Administration at the University of Edinburgh Business School, May 2011 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Tony Kinder, for all of the help and guidance he has given me over the course of the project, from the initial idea through the research and writing stages through to the conclusion. It would have been impossible to complete this projectRead MoreDrivers of Hospitality Industry Employees Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Job Performance11346 Words   |  46 Pages Republic of China. 3 Department of Business Administration, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Road., Taichung City, Taiwan 402, Republic of China. Accepted 18 November, 2010 1 This study aims to combine empowerment, internal marketing, leadership and job stress to propose an integrated model of hospitality industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. The subjects of this study were hospitality industry employees from Taipei City, and theRead MoreStudy on Organizational Structure and Leadership Style of Biocon Limited6451 Words   |  26 Pagesway Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore (2011) 14 Discussion amp; Conclusion 16 Organisation Structure 16 Leadership Styles 18 References 19 Introduction of Biocon Biocon is a Bengaluru based global pharmaceutical giant with products and research services. It was founded in the year 1978 by Ms. Kiran Mazumdar - Shaw. It manufactures generic API and biosimilar Insulins. It has two major subsidiaries namely, Syngene – a custom based research organization and Clinigene – a clinicalRead MoreManagement and Teaching Note19520 Words   |  79 Pagesinspection copies. ecch provides a free monthly e-mail update service giving details of new cases from all sources. Visit www.ecch.com to subscribe. Economics, Politics and Business Environment 9-407-049 ALLIANZ AG: BECOMING A EUROPEAN COMPANY Lorsch, JW; Chernak, A Harvard Business School Publishing 20pp 205-024-4 BRITISH CHOCOLATE MARKET: UP FOR A FAIRTRADE ORGANIC MAKEOVER? Structured assignment Rathore, RS; Ragu, SP IBSCDC 15pp; Teaching note 205-024-8 (12pp) 207-057-1 BURGEONING CHINESE ECONOMY:

Climate Change The Archaeological Evidence

The Vietnam War Was A Long And Bloody - 1502 Words

The Vietnam War was a long and bloody one. The war began on November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975. The war lasted nearly 20 years. Over this period, 9,087,000 men from United States were deployed, 58,220 were killed and more than 300,000 were wounded. The war also killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million North Vietnamese troops, and 200,000 South Vietnamese troops. The Vietnam War was the first war America ever lost and this lost would lead to a heavy impact on the American home front ranging from economics, social and even political. The soldiers suffered greatly from this war physically, mentally and socially. Veterans of this war did not come home to welcome arms or warm greetings; instead they came home†¦show more content†¦Therefore US soldiers had to be ready to also kill women and children if needed. Initially, the soldiers being so young probably used alcohol and drugs experimentally because they were teens, however later they became a way to cope with the horrors of the war. â€Å"In 1971, while visiting troops in Vietnam, Congressmen Robert Steele from Connecticut and Morgan Murphy from Illinois discovered that over 15% of US soldiers had developed an addiction to heroin. When the military later tested every American soldier in Vietnam for heroin addiction the researched revealed that 40 percent of servicemen had tried heroin and nearly 20 percent were addicted.† (James Clear, Behavioral Psychology, Habits) The perception of Vietnam veterans as alcoholics and heroin addicted losers gave Americans back home more reason to blame the soldiers for losing the War. Older male teens my age are addicted to video war games but we are aware that we are playing games for amusement. The bullets are gray flashes of light, the blood is a spatter of red light, and the soldiers dying are animated characters. To be put in a live or die situation 24 hours a day as a teen has to place you in a heightened state of anxiety, alter your world psychologically and have you questioning the person you’ve become and the country you serve. In an effort to create super soldiers, our military distributed amphetamines to the soldiers to enhance their performance on the battle field. The Amphetamines as oneShow MoreRelatedVietnam And The Vietnam War848 Words   |  4 Pageseverything. The Vietnam War changed a lot of people all around the world. The Vietnam War was between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a very bloody and violent war. The war was a long and costly-armed conflict. This war changed Vietnam and its citizens forever. During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam and South Vietnam both had received help from other countries. South Vietnam worked with the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. North Vietnam worked withRead MoreThe Vietnam War and its Impact, An Essay with Editing Notes825 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a violent and turbulent time in America. Generally hated from its beginning, many still perceive it as a loss. When one looks over the causalities in the war, it is noticeable that 58,000 members of our military lost their lives tragically in a ten year period.(cite) However, Communist Vietnam reported losses in numbers close to a million. Although many people see Vietnam as horrific stain in the legacy of America and its military, the war and its repercussions had a significantRead MoreEssay on Reasons for United States Involvement in Vietnam1080 Words   |  5 Pagesfor United States Involvement in Vietnam In this essay I will be writing about why America got involved in the Vietnam War, between the 1950s to the 1960s. This was a steady and slow process with many deaths all because of communism. It was very costly and bloody. This essay will focus on political reasons, military reasons and economy reasons. Firstly the political reasons. The involvement in Vietnam started off with the cold war, when Russia and America the emergingRead More Martin Luther King, Jr., ?A Time to Break Silence? Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesis â€Å"A Time to Break the Silence†, this speech was different than most of King’s speeches; the theme of this speech is not civil rights movement, but Vietnam. King addresses the war in Vietnam and he gives reasons why it should not continue. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;He asserts that Vietnam War has hindered the Civil Rights movement to achieve its goals. He expounds that the military drafted young black man to protect the rights of people of Vietnam and yet, these black youngsters did not haveRead MoreVietnam War : The Longest And Most Unpopular American War1059 Words   |  5 PagesVietnam War The Vietnam War was the longest and most unpopular american war of the twentieth century (Mintz S. S. McNeil). Resulting in roughly 58,000 american deaths and 2 million vietnamese deaths, the twenty year war was a long and bloody battle that not only impacted the soldiers, but many civilians as well (â€Å"Vietnam War†). â€Å"It’s estimated that 70,000 to 300,000 Vietnam Veterans committed suicide and around 700,000 veterans suffered psychological trauma† (Rexy). Starting in (debateably) 1955Read MoreVietnam War Turning Point Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesHome The Vietnam War was a long and bloody war between a communist government against South Vietnam along with its ally, the U.S. After long years of fighting and many deaths, the war ended on April 30, 1975 after President Nixon and the communist government negotiated secretly about a compromise. The paris peace accord solved a long-lasting issue, that was the vietnam war. The Paris Peace Accords was a major turning point in the Vietnam War because it ended the Vietnam War, brought peace to theRead MoreMedia Coverage Of The Vietnam War1257 Words   |  6 Pagesat least not in the traditional sense. They fight with audio and video, instead. (Rewrite Hook) This was live coverage of the Vietnam War, a long, bloody, unforgotten, and unappreciated war. Once these horrifying images were cast onto American screens, United States would find itself covered in ruins. Ruins that would cost years and years to rebuild. (Fix Transition) Media coverage of the Vietnam War ignited a new era of journali sm and served as a driving force in the public’s perception of UnitedRead MoreThe Vietnam War and Iraq1029 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Vietnam War, between 1955 and 1984, fifty-eight thousand Americans lost their lives, as well as over three-million Vietnamese lost theirs. The financial cost to the United States comes to over one hundred-fifty-billion dollars. The causes of the Vietnam War were derived from the symptoms, components and consequences of the Cold War. The Vietnam War revolved around America’s belief that communism was a threat to expand all over South East Asia. With this being said the Vietnam War was both aRead MoreThe Vietnam War: the United States’ Worst Idea1105 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War: The United States’ Worst Idea The United States entered the Vietnam War in 1961 to prevent the spread of communism; the United States was afraid if North Vietnam successfully took over South Vietnam then they might have a chance to spread to other countries; thus, causing the Domino Theory. The United States’ fear of the Domino Theory transformed a civil war between two regions into a bloody miniature world war. The U.S. did nothing but lose there; they lost lives, equipment, timeRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War was one of the most deadly wars in history, taking over three million lives during the 20-year war. It began in the mid 50’s, between Northern and Southern Vietnam. The United States joined the Vietnam War in 1965, and by 1969 there were about 500,000 U.S. soldiers involved with the war. The war began to slow down in ‘73 when President Nixon pulled the American troops, and the long hard war ended in 1975 after the Communists seized control. The Vietnam war was considered wrong

Bioethics Cloning Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Bioethicss Cloning Essay, Research Paper The biological definition of a ringer is an being that has the same familial information as another being or beings ( Nash, 62-65 ) . From this definition and from information about the scientific discipline behind cloning, my current position on cloning is that it is ethical, but should non be used until perfected. This statement ignores information about how we can misapply cloning and what effects occur when the process is unsuccessful. I doubt nevertheless that we will let cloning to be misused, and believe most people would likely hold this sentiment on cloning, but their deficiency of cognition on cloning, or their belief that cloning would be misused, is the ground for differences of sentiment. Thus, an amplification on the history, techniques, moralss, and grounds for researching the engineering of cloning is necessary. WHAT IS CLONING? The first things that must be cleared up are the inquiries, what is cloning, and what is a ringer? A ringer is an being derived asexually from a individual person by film editings, bulbs, tubers, fission, or parthenogeny reproduction ( Griffin, Roslin Institute Online ) . Parthenogenesis reproduction is the development of an being from an unfertilised egg cell, seed or spore ( Griffin, Roslin Institute Online ) . So in other words, cloning is any procedure in which production of a ringer is successful. Therefore, the biological term cloning is the production of a genetically indistinguishable extra of an being. Successful cloning has occurred with farm animal. The thrust toward success is non because farm animal like cattles and sheep are model beings. Alternatively, the agriculture industry has made and continues to do a large attempt toward happening a manner to implement the technique of atomic transportation for farm animal. Research in cloning is besides happening in Primatess. The ground for analyzing Primatess is for their similarities with humans- big encephalon, apposable pollex, etc. This leads to the most talked about facets of cloning, the usage of the techniques with human cells and eggs. Controversy Throughout the recent old ages, conversation, novels, magazine articles, newspaper studies, and films have focused on what would go on if worlds were cloned. Part of this media creates ideas of a Utopian society, while some think of a hideous universe ; the bulk of them being the latter of the two. For those who have had these scaring ideas, Dr. Richard Seed states he can carry through the undertaking of cloning a human utilizing atomic transportation. Dr. Seed is a physicist who researched birthrate scientific disciplines in the 1980 # 8217 ; s and is now specialising in embryology. He states that he has set up a birthrate clinic that can carry on atomic transportation. Dr. Richard Seed is making uproar sing the moralss of cloning. This is dry because cloning has occurred ( Flock, 1998 ) . The cloning of worlds in a biological sense already is happening. Scientists are researching by dividing embryos to put to death experiments to happen informations associating to cell distinction, the usage of root cells, and familial showing ( Benoit, Human Eng. ) . Amazingly, familial showing is happening in Britain rather frequently! Fertility clinics aim this service toward twosomes where the female parent or male parent has a familial upset. A birthrate clinic will clone an embryo, so prove it for familial upsets, and if the embryo is tested negative for familial upsets, so the birthrate clinic implants a ringer of that embryo. This should vouch that the kid will non hold any familial upsets ( Benoit, Human Eng. ) . That is the current work with cloning. It is going a portion of our society already. Cloning is presently a engineering that many people could utilize. I believe it will go more popular as monetary values for the technique decreases, and as the usage of cloning become progressively acceptable. That is if we worlds consider cloning an acceptable engineering, and that we would wish to utilize for the 21st century. Cloning has progressed so rapidly, few of us know if we should be even gulling with this engineering. Some scientists say that we put engineerings to utilize one time the pros outweigh the cons. During the late 1970ss and early 1880ss, there were few scientists still analyzing cloning. Many had predicted that it was impossible to clone embryologic mammal cells. Few continued with research, and many gave up and went into other Fieldss. However, some persisted and were rewarded for their attempts. In 1984, Dr. Steene Willadsen announced that he had successfully transferred karyon from embryos of sheep to bring forth ringers ( Kolata, NY Times ) . He besides was successful with cattles and even monkeys. He advanced his methods, and began cloning embryos that were in the 64-128 cell-stage. This suggested that possibly atomic transportation was possible with differentiated cells. Two old ages subsequently, Dr. Ian Wilmut and Dr. Keith Campbell, of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, produced for the universe Megan and Morag, the first cloned sheep from embryo cells ( Griffin, Roslin Online Institute ) . DOLLY- THE FIRST On July 5 at 4:00 P.M. lamb figure 6LL3, or Dolly, was born in a shed down the route from the Institute ( Travis, Science News ) . She weighed in at 14 lbs and was healthy. Scientists accomplished this by utilizing frozen mammary cells taken from a six-year-old pregnant Ewe and blending them with an enucleated egg. This process occurred tardily in January of 1996. This was the twenty-four hours of merger for Dolly, which is the natural equivalent to a construct day of the month. An interesting note is that three different sheep were involved in bring forthing Dolly, versus the usual two or one ( in-vitro fertilisation ) . Furthermore, the Roslin scientists used three different strains for each sheep to turn out that the experiment was a success ( Griffin, Roslin Institute ) . REASONS FOR MORE RESEARCH The ends and intents for researching cloning scope from doing transcripts of those that have deceased to better technology the progeny in worlds and animate beings. Cloning could besides straight offer a agency of bring arounding diseases or a technique that could widen agencies to geting new informations for embryology and development of beings as a whole. Cloning could massively better the agricultural industry as the technique of atomic transportation improves. There are besides transgenic beings, which have had their familial information unnaturally altered. The end of transgenic farm animal is to bring forth farm animal with ideal features for the agricultural industry and to be able to fabricate biological merchandises such as proteins for worlds. Farmers are trying to bring forth transgenic farm animal already, but non expeditiously, due to the absurd sum of money it costs and the hapless dependability of it all. Scientists besides ponder the thought of cloning endangered species to increase their population. These possibilities are eternal. However, there is much research being done for the betterment of human life. Embryologist Dr. Steene Willadsen, when speaking of past research, stated, # 8220 ; I was look intoing fencings, looking for holes in the scientific cloth, ways to interrupt through what others considered dogma. # 8221 ; ( Kolata, NY Times ) . Scientists foresee the cloning of hogs to bring forth variety meats that worlds will non reject. As mentioned earlier, farm animal can bring forth biological proteins for assisting people who have diseases like diabetes, Parkinson # 8217 ; s, and Cystic Fibrosis. Cloning besides provides better research capablenesss for happening remedies to many diseases. It may besides be utile for some twosomes who can t hold childs for one ground or another. For case, twosomes who are infertile could utilize cloning to bring forth a kid. Equally of import, adult females who are individual could hold a kid utilizing cloning alternatively of in-vitro fertilisation. Nuclear transportation could besides supply kids who need organ grafts to hold a ringer born to donate variety meats. Cloning could besides supply a transcript of a kid for a twosome whose kid had died, but there is a line to be drawn here. ON THE DOWNSIDE Cloning has many negative affects it could hold to life. The technique of atomic transportation is besides early in its developmental phases. Therefore, mistakes are happening all the clip when scientists carry out the process. For case, it took 277 attempts to bring forth Dolly, and Roslin scientists produced many lambs with abnormalcies ( Travis, Science News ) ! This is the chief ground scientific discipline is keeping out on cloning worlds. If the scientists who do this for a populating return such a long clip in carry throughing this effort, with so many mistakes, evidently farther promotion would be needed earlier serious consideration was taken for cloning worlds. I believe we should non try atomic transportation to bring forth an grownup homo until the technique is perfected, and besides because there are many ethical issues that are still unresolved. ETHICAL ISSUES UNANSWERED If we clone worlds, is that considered taking nature into our ain custodies? Would the authorities topographic point ordinances on human cloning or animate being cloning? In fact, Great Britain and many other European states have already passed congressional statute law to modulate the usage of cloning, both for worlds and animate beings. Many spiritual organisations consider atomic transportation to do work forces to be reproductively disused, because they are non used in the procedure. Religious groups besides claim that cloning defies the regulation or their belief that worlds have souls. They besides consider cloning unnatural, and say we are taking the work of God into our ain custodies. Peoples question when we will pull the line for acquiring involved in natural events. There is besides a argument as to the moral rights of ringers. One could see how we would non have ringers with such exhilaration as a kid of a twosome that conceived of course, even though if natural reproduct ion were to happen, familial fluctuation would happen. They say cloning would strip person to hold any perceptual experience of uniqueness. I believe this to be true, because although a ringer would be indistinguishable in every manner, his/her personality would be different in every instance, depending on how the individual was raised, and the surrounding environment. Sidney Callahan, a psychologist, argues that # 8220 ; the random merger of a twosome # 8217 ; s familial heritage gives adequate distance to let the kid besides to be seen as a separate other # 8221 ; ( Bruce, WebZone, 1998 ) . But still I can non stand the fact that I look like my male parent when he was my age, and presently I am under the feeling that I was conceived of course J. Thus I believe the antique manner of holding childs is non giving me adequate distance, so what is the difference for a ringer? ! IN MY OPINION At this point, I believe we should non utilize cloning. However, if we venture more into cloning we must do many safeguards, and I think the best manner to be cognizant of these safeguards is through more research. Research that involves human cloning is the hardest of the ethical and moral quandary to decide. Currently, even in the instance of animate being cloning, the utmost inefficiency and cost of the processs inhibit the true benefits that make it worthwhile. If the ethical issues of cloning included deciding the deficiency of regard for the lives of animate beings and worlds, it would be more acceptable to let engineering to progress in this promising country.

The Split Cherry Tree Essay Example For Students

The Split Cherry Tree Essay The Split Cherry tree by: Jesse StuartThe setting takes place when people own a large amount of land. It is when the average family consisted of many children, and the children helped the family out. The boys usually tended the land with their father, and the girls were taught to wash clothes and to clean and cook. The setting consists of the same things as did the families of the frontier times. The plot tells a story of a boy named Dave who was on a mission to recover four-legged scaly specimens of the kingdom of Nimalia. In order to complete such a task the boy was required to climb a cherry tree. He and his chums went over to a cherry tree that was in the property of a man who lived near the school. When they arrived at the spot where he was to begin his task, they observed a lizard who was patiently absorbing the warmth of the sun in order to be able to enjoy the night. As soon as the boys had spotted the lizard, they gave chase. The lizard noticing them instantaneously high tailed it to the nearest tree which happened to be a cherry tree. David and his friends followed the lizard up the tree. When the boy was near the top of the tree, the weight of him and his friends caused the tree to wilt until it came to a breaking point where it could no longer stand the stress that was being applied to it so it snapped. The man who owned the land, and the tree that was on it, took the boys to their teachers and demanded an explanation. When that could not be evident the man who owned the tree charged each of the boys a dollar each for the damages that were inflicted onto his tree. While the other boys seemed to be able to reach into their pockets and pay their fine, little David was unable to. Therefore, the teacher paid for him and in return for his gratitude had the boy commit himself to two hours of labor in the school, after school. And the man would pay him a quarter every hour. So in two days the boy no longer had a debt to pay. The boys father was outraged because his son couldnt come and help him out. He went down to the schools to tell them how lousy they were. On the other hand, when he got home his mind was totally changed toward the school. We will write a custom essay on The Split Cherry Tree specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The main character was Dave. He was about in his mid-teenage years. He was very devoted to his work, but he was somewhat ashamed of his father. He thought of his father as an old man that didnt know much. Then there was Daves father Luster. He was about in his forties, and he hated moderation because to him it was confusing. In the end he didnt really have anything against it. Then finally there was Professor Herbert. He was a little timid when he first met Daves father. I think it was because Luster had a gun with him. I think it was man versus society. I think this because at fir St Luster Didnt like the modern society. He believed that Dave shouldnt be going to school because there was so much to do on the farm. It was resolved by having an open mind. As soon as Luster started listening to the teacher, he had a change of mind and a change of heart. I think the theme was donOt judge a book by its cover I think this because if somebody judged something before they had a chance to actually get acquainted with it, it wouldnt make any sense. .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 , .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .postImageUrl , .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 , .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8:hover , .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8:visited , .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8:active { border:0!important; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8:active , .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8 .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5fdfcdbb1dc94fffdf13f7ea32d5bfa8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stock Picks Essay I think it would be ignorance. Because if you dont know anything about something, you should try and understand at least a little. I didnt find any in this story. I think the irony was that the father was bad-mouthing the school, but at the end he started to grow fond of it. School has changed from my day and time I think that this is significant because the father actually admitted that the old way was

Utilitarianism and Animal Testing Essay

Utilitarianism and Animal Testing Essay A Tragedy of Animal Testing Essay A Tragedy of Animal Testing Essay Animal testing has been the most controversial and frequently debated topics around the globe. It is also known as animal experimentation, which is usually done to determine toxicity, effectiveness, side effects, and dosage of drugs intended to be used for human treatment. There are two opinions on this question – for and against one. However, the amount of people, who are against of animal testing is larger, and animal advocates beat an alarm for the scopes of animal use in testing. This research paper presents arguments against animal testing and provides evidence that there are alternative methods of tests. In addition, the survey of 22 respondents was conducted in order to support the viewpoint. Despite the fact that a lot of steps are taken in order to decrease the number of dying animals, there should be more efforts made towards total refusal of animal use in testing. Painful Human Experiments on Animals Every year, millions of lives, â€Å"wild world† are taken by painful human experiments. Experimental animals are burned, scalded, poisoned, and staved, subjected to electrical discharges and habituated to drugs. While carrying out a study, scientists induce in animals various diseases such as syphilis, diabetes, arthritis, stomach ulcers, cancer, and AIDS. In experiments for the military purposes, animals are poisoned by gas, cyanide, shot with plastic bullets, and shells. This practice is called vivisection (experiments on living animals: from the Latin words vivus, â€Å"lively,† and section, â€Å"dissecting.† It is originated in the middle of the XVII century, and today represents one of the black spots on the conscience of mankind since cruel experiments on animals continue to be produced on an industrial scale (Fano, 1997). The concept of animal testing remains controversial among different researchers. Some argue that it is immoral to use animals such as rats, mice, frogs, and other millions of animals for such experiments. In fact, animal experiment attracts sharp and diverse reactions between the opponents and proponents. More so, the notable differences are between animal welfare champions and scientists. According to the European Union data, the majority of animals are killed in medical research (65%). Fundamental researches (including military, space ones, etc.) occupy 26%, toxicity tests (cosmetics, new industrial compounds) 8%, the sphere of education 1 %. 85% of animal experiments conducted over the past 100 years, are carried in the period from fall 1950; however, the average life expectancy for this period has not changed much, but the amount and danger of chronic diseases continues to grow (Fano, 1997). The recent scandal with the largest German medical concern Bayer manufacturer of pharmaceuticals, has once again proved that the difference occurring in the human and animal processes makes testing drugs on animals meaningless (Combes et al., 2003). For example, thalidomide was tested successfully on animals and introduced into the drug market in 1956 and later turned out to be ineffective and dangerous. Thalidomide was widely used by expectant women to counter nausea, a vom iting sickness associated with pregnancy (Badge, 2003). In fact, the long term effect of thalidomide was reported as very dangerous, and it was associated with numerous birth defects in children. Though it was banned in 1961, roughly 15,000 victims were affected, and others died (Badge, 2003). Another typical example of medication that proved successful in animals but failed in human beings was the use of Vioxx as an anti-arthritis drug. This drug was widely tested on animals and humans and later approved by over 70 regulatory agencies across the world. It was later discovered that Vioxx drug caused the heart attack, which led to its withdrawal from the market in 2004. Statistical analysis indicates that out of 80 million cases of heart attack, the drug caused between 88,000 and 139,000 cases with roughly 35 percent of these cases leading to death (Hofer et. al., 2004). From this analogy, it can be concluded that only a few animals are used in testing drugs that are consumed by billions of patients. As a result, the process may not reveal certain side effects that may affect hundreds or thousands of consumers (Watson, 2009). Modern medicine has up to 150 drugs that have been tested on animals and proved to be unsuitable for human beings. Analysis of the achievements of modern medicine has shown that progress is related to clinical observations of patients and not to experiments on animals. Such results showed clinical trials of hepatitis, rheumatism, fever, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, and other. The so-called â€Å"war against cancer,† which has begun in 1971, still has no visible success, although the cost experiment with animals exceeded $ 1 billion per year in the U.S. What is more, all the conducted experiments on AIDS issue have been unsuccessful as well (Fano, 1997). Medication requires huge financial costs, which could be successfully spend on persuading people to adopt healthy lifestyles. Before the pharmacy counter is turned on medicines undergo numerous tests on animals within 15-20 years. At this stage of early clinical trials, 90 % of the products are rejected (Combes et al., 2003). Today, a number of centers stand for the development of alternatives to animal experiments. Embryo eggs, bacteria, physicochemical model of cell culture as well as computer model can be used as an alternative for animals in clinical trials. These methods are cheaper, more effective, rapid, and allow the identification of the toxicity of the test drugs on a deeper level –cellular and subcellular (Fano, 1997). In addition, animals are tested not only for medical purposes cosmetics, construction materials, and packaging, the novel compounds produced by industry are also the spheres where vivisection is widely used. Animals breathe vapors from the substance, which concentration is so high that most of them die of poisoning. The most widespread industrial Draize test for cosmetics has the following procedure: the tested product is applied to the rabbit cornea, than the examiner waits until the damage to the cornea occurs. Immobilized rabbit cannot rub the eye, corroded by coated material (Watson, 2009). The animal is released from torment only after opacification and the destruction of the eye. At the end of the experiment, all rabbits are killed in order to determine the effect of toxic substances inside. Another kind of this test is skin irritation: immobilized animal is shaved and the product is applied to damaged skin. Skin damage is performed by tightly clutching the tape to the body of the animal and tearing it sharply. This procedure is repeated several times till several layers of the skin are torn. As it can be seen, these tests are inhuman and animals are subjected to cruel abuse (Combes et. al., 2003). Experimental animals are also used during the education process. Although most medical school graduates will never work with animals, students are forced to carry painful trials on animals (Watson, 2009). Experiments on frogs do not cause so strong perturbations in the society as experiments on dogs or cats do. Many people judge the animal pain in its attempts to escape or scream, but rodents and birds, for example, may fade when they hurt, frogs cry when they feel threatened. One can only imagine what feels an amphibian, which is pinned to a piece of rubber and cut the skin on the breast in order to see how the heart beats. However, some arguments have also been in support of animal experiments. For example, the diabetes disease became treatable after the insulin hormone elimination from pancreas of cows and pigs (Watson, 2009). Researchers must always carry out experiments; however, it will be vital to look for alternative methods that will help reduce the immense use of animals. The reason is that animals have a wider range of similarities in terms of physiological, organ, and tissue system to humans. The similarity between animals and humans outweigh the differences (Fowler Miller, 2008). Such scientists further argue that certain nature of studies work better and faster in animals than in humans. For instance, genetic and reproductive experiments is less time consuming in animals such as rats, which mature and reproduce faster than humans (Parel, Roberts, Khan 2007). To respond to the ethical issues surrounding animal testing, proponents of the experiment argue that researchers give maximum care to the animals and handle them in a friendly manner. Although they are introduced to the new environment, they are always handled with special care. In response to death and injury of animals during research, proponents argue that it is better to use animals than humans. They declare that killing a human being is considered more unethical than killing animals (Watson, 2009). Animals for experiments come from zoos, specialized nurseries or are bred in special conditions. There are companies engaged in breeding of rodents. There are those who grow about a half million of species per year while the animals are grown under conditions that are not in contact with any viruses. Other companies are suppliers of birds infected with certain diseases: obese guinea pigs, which have no immune system, primates suffering from hemophilia, etc. Many primates are caught in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, China, South America, and Africa (Watson, 2009). In some cases, only one or two of the ten monkeys caught during transport to the laboratory survive. Many species are now threatened with extinction because of this practice. From 1954 to 1960, more than half a million of primates from around the world paid their freedom and their lives for their contribution to testing vaccines against polio. The U.S. is the largest supplier of primates: 13 to 17,000 species per year (Fano, 1997). One of the most solid explanations of animal testing cannot be considered as the valid test. The thing is that there are huge physiological differences between humans and any animal, including monkeys, which are considered as human ancestors. From a medical standpoint, it is absolutely impossible to draw a parallel between man and any animal in question of influence of the drug or its components on the body in general or on a specific individual (Combes et al., 2003). Human beings are different from other animals; drugs being safe for human are extremely dangerous for certain experimental animals and vice versa (Parel, Roberts, Khan, 2007). Moreover, even among the experimental animals, there is no one and concise effect what harms mice or guinea pigs has no effect on cats or monkeys. Here are just a few examples of this â€Å"incompatibility.† Strychnine, a poisonous substance for humans, is quietly tolerated by guinea pigs and monkeys in large doses, and for chickens in a tenfold increase of the dose. Atropine can kill a human even at 1 mg amount while its effect on the horses, donkeys, and monkeys is not harmful; pigeons, rats, and guinea pigs did not even react to the presence of this substance in the body. One or two hundred grams of scopolamine do no harm a dog or cat, but even half a gram of this substance can cause death in humans. Opium has no effect on chickens and pigeons, and morphine is dangerous for them only in very large quantities, which cannot be said about cats. However, both these substances are widely used in medicine (Fano, 1997). A human being can go blind from methyl alcohol, and it will not cause any harm to â€Å"experimental† animals. Some human painkillers cause profuse salivation incredibly when taken by a cat, and it gives occasion to look her fury. The difference between organisms is so great that all experiments performed with different animals can fundamentally contradict each other, and be absolutely not applicable to humans (Fano, 1997). The close look to modern medicines shows that many vital medicines would never have gotten a right to exist if they were tested on animal. For example, the most widespread antibiotic substance – penicillin would not ever exist if Alexander Fleming had not given it to his patient, despite the fact that this substance had shown no positive results when tested on animals (Combes, 2003). However, the situation is not as horrible as it seems to be. There are lots of organizations dealing with animal testing problem. Many countries created the set of laws regulation animal use in the products testing. In 1985, the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) introduced the Code of Ethics containing recommendations for the international biomedical research using animals. In the European Union, in 1986, the Council of Europe adopted the European Convention for the Protection of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes and the Council Directive of the European Economic Community for the protection of animals in experiments. They reflect all the main provisions of the Code of Ethics CIOMS. In Italy, in 1993, a law was passed, according to which schools were obliged to provide biomedical profile opportunity for the individual willing to study alternative programs, excluding animal experiments. This law was adopted under pressure fro m the public; in particular, social student organization EuroNICHE actively opposed the use of painful experiments on animals in the learning process and students’ right to receive education without biomedical animal abuse that was supported by numerous animal protection societies. In the United Kingdom, Law on Protection of experimental animals was introduced in 1986. The law provides the implementation of state control over experiments on animals, which is carried by Committee procedures on animals under the Ministry of the Interior. The Committee is formed of scientists, who have extensive experience working with animals, animal advocates and representatives. In the U.S.A., Protection Act for experimental animals was adopted in 1985. The law provides the establishment of ethics committees at each institution that uses animals. Ethical committees hold public control of experiments on animals. They are composed of a veterinarian and independent members. Ethics committees mon itor compliance with the provisions of the law, for example, animal welfare, the use of painkillers, and antistress drugs (Fano, 1997). The experiments on animals in the developed countries adhere to the â€Å"Three R†: replacement, reduction, and refinement. It was first proposed in 1959. After improving, it has become increasingly accepted in Europe and America, its position is the basis for laws to protect experimental animals. The concept involves the use of tissue culture cells, the models of isolated organs (e.g., an eyeball), sections of tissues (skin, cornea, kidneys, etc.), and complex biochemical models (e.g., layered model of the cornea, in which skin and eyes, special microporous substrates culture corneal cells as well as human and animal skin are used, they imitated the epidermis and deeper layers) instead of laboratory animals (Watson, 2009). Application of â€Å"three R† rule resulted in revision for the system of education in schools and veterinary biomedical profile in Europe and the United States. The learning process should be built so that animals are used only if necessary. The tra ining process should be provided with animal testing alternatives: working with cadaveric material and dummies, videos and computer models, special training programs. Most of the necessary practical training with animals should be carried out as a demonstration, and only when the training requires obtaining special skills. As it can be seen, despite the fact that all these laws and acts were adopted relatively long time ago, the amount of animals killed due to the cosmetic, education, medical, and chemical need did not significantly decreased. Positive shift in experimental animals’ protection became possible because of social activity of animal advocates. People refused to buy such products and protested. The question of animal testing was even raised in cinematography, for example, there is a famous movie Legally Blonde 2: Red, White Blonde (2003) directed by Charles Herman-Wurmfeld with Reese Witherspoon as the star part. The main topic of this film is the tests of the cosmetics primarily on dogs. The story of the little dog named Bruiser attracted attention to the problem and made the scopes of the problem being widely discussed. Nowadays, the majority of people do know that animal testing is unethical and illegal. However, they keep buying these products despite considering it as unacceptable. In support of this viewpoint, the survey was conducted. There were five questions: Did you know that the products like household chemicals, medicines, and cosmetics are tested on animals? Buying washing powder or cosmetics, do you think of murdered animals that are involved in testing of these products? We live in the 21st century with highly developed technology and various computer measures used in science. How do you think, is animal testing still a relevant measure to test products? What is your attitude to animal testing? In order to make a conclusion, should household chemicals and cosmetics be tested on animals? Every question has multiple choice of answers, including â€Å"I don’t care† to every question. 22 respondents took part in the survey. 90. 91% (20 of 22) confessed that they knew about animal testing phenomenon, and only 2 said that they doubted that animal testing were true. The answers on the second question showed different attitudes: 9.09% knew about the cruel tests, but still bought the considered products, 22.73% tried not to buy them but still did, 27.27% did not buy such products at all, the same amount was indifferent to the conducted tests, and, finally, 13.64% did not know about tests. The third question showed different results as well. 40.91% of participants said that animal testing was still relevant way of testing, 77.7% of respondents believed that computer could not precisely predict the reaction since it was only a machine, and the rest suggested that animal testing was cheaper and easier. 54.55% of respondents considered vivisection non-relevant, and the rest were indifferent. The attitudes to animal tests were mostly negative – 63.64% considered it to be unethical due to various reasons; 27.28% had a positive opinion on vivisection, and 9.09% were indifferent. Finally, the fifth question 54.55% of respondents definitely were against vivisection, 22.73% were for animal testing, 18.18% found it hard to give a clear answer on that question, and 4.55% were indifferent. Obviously, this survey is too brief to show some evident results, but still, the majority of people are against animal testing. The good thing is that that the variant â€Å"I don’t care† picked only 1 respondent. The rest 21 participants had a deal with this problem, and this is hopeful. Perhaps, if the survey was major, with a larger amount of respondents and survey questions, the result would be more clear and obvious. In order to make a conclusion, animal testing is known as the use of animals in experiments and has caused controversies among researchers and common people. Some argue that it is moral while others contend that it is unethical. In fact, the debate about the use of animals in such experiments raises controversies that are yet to be resolved. Even though the proponents think that animals are better to use than humans, it will be significant to look for other alternative ways of testing human medication that does not impede the rights of animals (Hofer et al. 2004). The reason is that animals the same as humans have the right to live. Killing animals because of experiments remains immoral; hence it is vital to have better ways of determining the effectiveness of any kind of human medications. This will lessen the injuries and subsequent death rates of animals. Therefore, the points of the opponents in this argument are stronger than the supporters’ reasons. That is why this crue l trend should be banned as it can harm humans while abusing animals in the process. In my opinion, there is no argument to support animal testing. This means that it is morally incorrect because these innocent animals lose their freedom and life being placed in cages in laboratories. They are still restricted in cages after testing so that scientists can observe their reactions and responses to the test. Additionally, many end up dying because of the cruel and painful tests. The thing is that that the dosage of drugs that are administered are often increased. Utilitarian Approach and Failure of Animal Testing Several researchers, including Gruen (2011), have argued that ethics is not an appropriate system that is entirely noble in theory but not good in practice. Deontological approaches were identified, including rights approaches to ethics, as not practical in the real world scenario. Utilitarianism does not commence with rules but with goals, and therefore, it has significant normative specificity. This is because actions are proscribed or prescribed on the degree to which they further define goals. According to Mitchell (2010), utilitarianism is not linked to complexities required in making deontological moral theories, including rights theory, which is applicable in real moral scenarios. Traditional utilitarian approach considers a certain action as a right if it produces as much or more of an increase in happiness of all affected by it. These views about the nature of rights theory have profound effects on the rights of animals. In this regard, this paper discusses utilitarian appro ach and failure of animal testing. Utilitarianism deploys aggregation of benefits and harms in order to determine the right course of action. This might appear quite appealing because it reduces moral choices to simple arithmetic (Wolff, 2006). Nevertheless, how does an individual quantify benefits and harms, particularly in dealing with animal research? For instance, development of cardiovascular bypass integrated innumerable animal experiments, which is an enormous harm. However, it eventually resulted in success of open-heart surgery, which is an enormous benefit. The utilitarian calculation or argument might conclude that this was a justifiable use of animals. By claiming that bettering condition of animals, for example, by curing their diseases, could justify an experiment, Gruen (2011), takes an absolutist approach to animals and their rights. In addition, Gruen (2011), also acknowledges that there are variations between sentient species. Overall, humans are at extreme end of the spectrum of species yet they have a sophisticated language skills, an awareness of others, self-awareness and the ability to plan. As a result, they might have preference over other species. Just like humans, nonhuman primates might have preference over rodents. On the other hand, Mitchell (2010), has argued that animals also have rights. The life of an animal has intrinsic value to that animal, and bestows moral status to those individuals. Human beings have no mandate to exploit other animals regardless of the possible gains to human beings. Mitchell (2010), stated that the best we can do with regard to animals is not to use them for testing. Other philosophers have also fought in favor of animals on the grounds of contractarianism and reverence for life concepts. Though such concepts seem to have not received proper attention from the researchers. Human Rights, Animals Rights The debate concerning the ethics experiments involving animals, resides on the issue of moral association between nonhumans and humans (Wolff, 2006). Over the centuries, Western philosophers have viewed humans from different perspective to the rest of the animal kingdom. For instance, Aristotle believed that there was a hierarchy of animals, with human beings at the top of it. According to Aristotle, humans were at the top due to ability to reason and rational thinking. Even within humans, there is hierarchy, with men being considered more rational than women. Descartes, on the other hand, considered nonhumans to be insentient machines. As a result, they could not feel pain. Because of this reason, they could be exploited ruthlessly. Other philosophers, such as Kant, acknowledged that animals could suffer, though they lack moral status. According to Wolff (2006), Jeremy Bentham, who lived in the 18th century, predicted that the time when the animals might acquire those rights that co uld have been withheld from them. The way we treat nonhuman creatures, especially animals, indicates a distinction we make between humans, whom we consider as individuals, and nonhumans, whom we consider as things. Though one might consider some animals as having certain special features, we consider all those features to be dependent and tradable based on the judgment that the sacrifice of the features will benefit us. According to Mitchell (2010), this trade is often permissible even when the animal interest is significant and the human interest is admittedly unimportant. The use of animals for the purposes of entertainment such as rodeos or circuses reflects such scenarios where human interest seems to be more significant than animal interest. It is known that animals are neither persons under the law nor in moral theory. They are property, which implies that they exist solely as means to human disposure. According to Mitchell (2010), they have interests, which cannot be sacrificed, even when the benefit to be gai ned by human is mere amusement at the cost of great pain to the animal. On the other hand, persons refer to precisely those beings, such as corporations, having interest, which can be traded for consequential reasons alone. An example of person is de jure person, which implies that their personhood exists solely because they result from creation of the legal system. However, every person has at least some interests, though not essentially similar interests, which are safeguarded by both law and moral theory. According to Gruen (2011), these interests are safeguarded even if trading them will cause consequences that deemed to be desirables. It is thought to believe that the theory of animal rights seeks to shift at least certain nonhuman to human side. The two reasons can support this movement. The first reason is that those supporting animal exploitation argue that nonhuman is qualitatively different from humans. As a result, animals can be classified as nonhumans (Gruen, 2011). However, animal rights proponents have argued that there is no such difference since some nonhumans will be in possession of the supposedly exclusive characteristic. It is not enough to argue that the difference of species alone is morally justified; after all, to depend on species alone as morally justified is to presume a difference that requires to be proved by individuals holding such views. Secondly, it is apparent some animals have certain characteristics that we often link to personhood. For instance, Gruen (2011), argues that empirical and theoretical considerations show that some animals possess desires, memory, intention, self-conscio usness and sense of future. Attribution of several of these mental conditions shows that it is sensibly perfect to consider certain animals as psychological individuals faring well or ill during the course of their life. Since animals have desires, and the capacity to act in pursuit of their goals, they might also be considered to have preference autonomy, which is a significant characteristic for attribution of rights. A popular misconception is that animal activists argue that animals be granted similar rights as human beings. (Wolff, 2006). In addition, the criticism itself shows a primary confusion concerning the tights theory. In several ways, the animal rights theory is concerned about the inclusion of nonhumans on the humans. This inclusion should be differentiated from the matter of the scope of any rights that animals might have once we move them from the nonhuman side to human side. However, there is one sense that considering animals as persons is extremely different from considering addition humans within that class. If we acknowledge that an individual is not a â€Å"thing†, the protection we have given that individual is at the same time significant, but also the bare minimum to differentiate that individual from being a thing. Saying that an animal is included in the category of persons says nothing concerning the scope of the tights the animals might have other than saying tha t we will safeguard the rights of that animal in order to acquire personhood status (Gruen, 2011). Certain counterarguments hinge on whether animals are moral beings. Mitchell (2010), concluded that only autonomous beings have rights. As a result, animals fail to meet the requirements specified for being full members of moral community, and therefore, they fail to qualify for rights. From the same perspective, we need to distinguish non-moral from moral beings. Moral beings exist within a web of obligations and reciprocal rights created by their own dialogue. On the contrary, non-moral beings exist outside that web. Mitchell (2010), pointed out that it is both cruel and senseless to try binding non-moral beings into the web. Despite animals having no rights, we have duties and obligations to them. Mitchell (2010), also draws a division line between wild animals and those that man has made dependent on him. Certain form of contractualism provides us with the most appropriate approach to moral theory. From the moral theory discussed below, animals will be denied moral standings. Par t of the problems experienced, when invoking the moral theory in solving ethical problems of animal experimentation, is the propensity to use address it using a single theoretical construct, be it contractualism or utilitarianism, which is a rights-based, or any other. In the place of both contractualism and utilitarianism, an approach similar to that deployed in resolving ethical dilemmas in clinical practice might be helpful. Moral Theory In order to assess claims concerning the normative indeterminacy of the rights theory, two distinct components or levels of moral theory will be discussed in this paper. Comparative normative guidance of the deontological and utilitarian approaches in relation to every component will also be explored (Mitchell, 2010). The first level or component of moral theory is what the theory preferably seeks. The second level offers a normative guidance to the personal level with regard to what they theory ideally requires. Ideal and Micro Component of Moral Theory This component of moral theory requires that we ask what the theory envisages as the appropriate state, which would be attained if the theory under consideration was accepted. For animal activists, the moral theory is a theory of abolition, and not regulation of institutional exploitation. Animal activists object to the treatment of animals exclusively as means to ends. As a result, they object to the property status of animals to be bargained away provided there is some kind of human benefit involved, which allows all their interests, such as their basic interest in physical security that is a requirement to meaningful acceptance of other interests (Mitchell, 2010). This would require complete abolition of those forms of animal exploitation, which are reliant on the status of animals. According to this component of moral theory, animal exploitation is unjust to the animals. The rights theory is considerably clear about this component of moral theory. As the rights theory condemns the institutionalized exploitation of nonhumans, it also condemns direct participation in exploitation of animals (Mitchell, 2010). If an individual proposes the abolition of human slavery due to its unjustness, that individual would seemingly conclude that ownership by a master is violative of the rights. Likewise, an individual exploiting animals by using them for experiments or eating their meat also perpetrates suffering among animals. However, a difficult moral issue remains unsolved. It is not possible to avoid participating in institutionalized exploitation of animals, because almost each aspect of our lives is some way linked to institutionalized animal exploitation. As such, animal activists and rights advocate are faced with difficult decisions, for instance, as to whether to utilize drugs tested on animals. Utilitarian theory is different from traditional animal welfare because it considers the long-term animal liberation. The long-term goal is more progressive than the conventional Welfarist approach provided every one of us agree on how to describe the competing interest. According to Wolff (2006), utilitarian theory is the same as animal welfare since it demands that we balance the interests of human beings against the interests of animals under circumstances threatening to compromise evaluation of animal interests in any event. Macro Component of Moral Theory In order to assess the claim that animal rights is unrealistic, absolutist or utopian, we must examine the macro aspects of rights theory. Finding a single instance in which the advocates of animal rights support the concept that there is any possibility of immediate action, which will lead to the immediate abolition of all institutionalized exploitation is a difficult task (Wolff, 2006). The only way that such an effort could succeed is if we were willing to rise up in violent confrontation given the large numbers of people participating in institutionalized exploitation. However, if there is sufficient numbers of people to make such scenario, the confrontation would be unnecessary, because people would be capable of effecting dramatic changes in treatment of animals via political means. According to Gruen (2011), nothing in the rights theory essentially precludes the animal advocate from pursuing judicial change or incremental legislative. However, it is hard to think that we can speak meaningfully of legal rights for animals only if they are considered property. In order to put the issue in the context of my earlier discussion of basic rights, only if animals are property, then their rights or those that are a requirement for the enjoyment of other non-basic rights can be sacrificed provided some benefit is found to exist. If we can kill animals for food, use them for experimentation, imprison animals in cages at zoos for amusement, or shoot them for fun, then saying that animals have rights is merely an abstract sense. According to Gruen (2011), basic rights are a requirement to enjoyment of non-basic rights. In addition, possession of non-basic in the absence of basic rights is useless. The opponents would respond that each movement achieves rights incrementally. For instance, Gruen (2011), cited that progress is made incrementally in social movement via continual reform. Gruen (2011), tried to compare the incremental progress made in social movement to the incremental progress made towards obliteration of exploitation of animals. This attempt failed to for the reason that no other circumstance is comparable with regard to the baseline protection afforded to nonhumans. To put the issue differently, once we have individuals who are holders of basic rights, it makes sense to talk about making incremental reforms in rights. Animal Testing and Ethics According to the opponents of animal testing, pain is an inherent evil, and any action causing pain to another creature, whether human or nonhuman, is not morally allowed. With regard to Wolff (2006), who is a utilitarian, animal activists claim that the moral question concerning animals is neither whether they can reason, nor whether they can talk. A researcher who forces rats to choose between starvation and electric shocks, in order to see if they can suffer from ulcers, does so, since he or she knows that rats have a similar nervous system as that of human. Pain is inherently an evil, whether witnessed by an adult, an animal or a child. If it is not right to inflict pain on people, it is also wrong to inflict pain on nonhumans. In addition, it is suggested that the lives of creatures, both small and large, have value and should be respected. The right to be treated with respect does not rely on the capability to reason. Just like an insane should be treated with respect despite inability to act rationally, animals should also be treated with respect, this does not involve people exploiting animals and depriving them of their right to life. The right to treatment with respect rests on a creature being a subject of life, with certain preferences, experiences and interests. Like human beings, animals are subjects of life. Painful animal testing is not morally permissible. Utilitarianism does not commence with rules but with goals, and therefore, it has significant normative specificity. Utilitarian approach might appear quite appealing because it reduces moral choices to simple arithmetic. The way people treat nonhuman creatures, especially animals, indicates a distinction they make between humans, whom we consider as individuals, and nonhumans, whom we consider as things. There are certain counterarguments that hinge on whether animals are moral beings. The macro component of moral theory requires that we ask what the theory envisages as the appropriate state, which would be attained if the theory under consideration was accepted. Finally, issue can be supported by claiming that most scientific research involving animal testing has no scientific merit, since most scientific experiments are performed out of curiosity. Animals are shocked, burned, stared and poisoned as researchers look for information that might result in human benefit.

Morality in Business Essay Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analysis of Morality in Business - Literature review Example   For instance, in the present day, the majority of the big businesses sponsor their dedication to non-financial standards under captions such as ethics regulations and social accountability agreements. Individuals of a similar business hardly ever meet together, even for fun and entertainment, although the discussion finishes in a scheme in opposition to the community or in a number of plans to increase costs. Governments employ regulations as well as directives to channel business activities in what they consider to be advantageous ways. Ethics unreservedly control areas and aspects of activities that stay away from governmental power. The materialization of huge businesses with restricted associations as well as understanding to the society within which they function hastened the growth of official ethics administrations. Companies began emphasizing on their ethical standing during the late 1980s and near the beginning 1990s, perhaps tempting to detach themselves from the busine ss humiliations of the day, for instance, the investments and mortgage disaster. The initiative of business ethics got the consideration of intellectuals, media, and business organizations â€Å"by the last part, the Cold War† (Ferrell et al, p. 221).  Ã‚   If a business's intention is to take full advantage of shareholder profits, then forfeiting earnings to other issues is an infringement of its â€Å"fiduciary responsibility†. Business firms are officially regarded as people within the United States of America as well as in the majority of states. The businesspersons are officially allowed to the constitutional rights and legal responsibilities because of citizens as individuals. Ethical concerns take account of the constitutional rights and responsibilities between a business and its human resources, contractors, clientele and fellow citizens, its fiduciary accountability to its stakeholders. Concerns regarding associations between various businesses take account of â€Å"hostile takeovers as well as industrial espionage† (Ferrell et al, p. 285). Associated concerns take account of corporate supremacy; private enterprise; political involvements; officially authorized concerns, for instance, the moral discussion about s etting up an offense of corporate assassination; and the advertising of businesses' ethics guidelines.  Ã‚  

Media reporting and child sexual abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Media reporting and child sexual abuse - Essay Example The United Nation’s 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child states that the child needs special care and protection including appropriate legal protection due to his physical and mental immaturity before and after birth. In the UK, children and young people are offered protection by two important pieces of legislation: the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Human Rights Act 1998.There have been plentiful and varied challenges involving children and young people, in particular under Article 8 of the Human Rights Act(Curtice and Tim,2010,p.361). The Children, Schools and Families Bill has taken some initiatives concerning publishing the family proceedings information. The measures are subject to controversy as there is need to strike the right balance between right of press to report court proceeding under Article 10 ECHR and right to privacy and its respect for children under Article 8 ECHR in addition to their best interest under the UN Convention on the Righ ts of the Child. Relaxation of limitation on media reporting of family proceeding has raised concerns over limiting children rights and providing them insufficient protection (JCHR, 2010). According to media laws, accredited journalists are permitted to observe family court proceedings; however, they are under strict reporting regulations that allow certain level of details for print. The limitation of print reporting are imposed in order to ensure privacy and well-being of children involved in the cases (Silk, 2009).Furthermore, according to Justice Secretary, Jack Straw (cited in Silk, 2009) the limitation will be relaxed in an effort to convey the case substance while children identity and lurid details about family must not be published. The modifications will permit the publication of expert witness reports, including those incorporating details of child abuse. The relaxation will ensure transparency in family justice system and increased public confidence on its services. The legislation has broaden the amount of information that can be reported which include child or parent’s medical, psychological, or psychiatric details in addition to the   information given by a child to his or her parents. It permits the publication of information regarding the case which is not â€Å"personal sensitive information† but the limitations are not clearly defined. The act ensures that names and identities of parties involved remain hidden to maintain lifelong anonymity of children (Baksi, 2010). Recently, numerous high-profile celebrities have accused media of intruding into their privacy during their cases in UK. Most cases are reported against the stories by ‘kiss-and-tell’ tabloids and photographs taken by freelance paparazzi. For instance, celebrity footballer David Bekham and pop star Victoria Bekham and members of British monarchy consistently tried to limit press interference into their personal lives (Drake, 2007, p.220). Apparently, Privacy limitations seems to be defined clearly, however, there is no statute in either English or Scottish law that can be attributed as Privacy Act. In addition, the publicity or personality rights are also not evident. Contrary to defamation or copyright laws, under no specific law we can hold some newspaper responsible for intruding into any individual’s or celebrity’s privacy. This scenario has led to extending the existing legislation in order to contain privacy related cases and to establish the concept in English law courts (Drake, 2007, p.220). Lacking legislation triggered the attempts to define privacy in UK AND Calcutt Committee defined it as â€Å"the right of the individual to be protected against intrusion to his personal life or affairs, or those of his family, direct physical means or by publication of information† (1990, p.7 cited in Drake, 2007, p.221). Absence of a general law for privacy led to the utilization of common law in such cases. I t includes; the 1998 Data Protection Act, 1997

Customer Analysis of Nike Shoes User

Customer Analysis of Nike Shoes User Nikeshoes industries limited INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM Since the late 1980s, Business School marketing professor Itamar Simonson has looked for ways to understand how consumers make choices. Much of his work debunks the accepted theory that giving consumers what they want and making a profit are the most basic principles of marketing. Customers may not know what they want, and second-guessing them can be expensive, says the professor who teaches MBA and PhD marketing and consumer decision-making courses. In Simonsons words, â€Å"The benefits and costs of fitting individual customer preference are more complex and less deterministic than has been assumed†. Thats because â€Å"customer preferences are often ill-defined and susceptible to various influences, and in many cases, customers have poor insight into their preferences†. In one of his recent papers, Simonson tackles the issue of one-to-one marketing and mass customization. Supporters of these marketing approaches have suggested that learning what customers want and giving them exactly what they want will create customer loyalty and an insurmountable barrier to competition. In an example taken to the extreme in the 2002 movie Minority Report, Tom Cruises character runs through a shopping mall past talking billboards that recognize him by name and urge him to buy products he had earlier expressed an interest in such as jeans and Ray-Bans, the ultimate in personalized advertising. But Simonson has this to say: The fact that consumer preferences are often fuzzy, unstable, and manipulatable is unlikely to change. So, the effectiveness of methods to give customers exactly what they want has been grossly exaggerated. In studies, he has learned that even when customers have well-defined preferences and receive offers that fit those preferences; it is far from certain that the response to such offers will consistently be more favourable than those directed at larger market segments. Its all psychology. Consumers with well-defined preferences may be sceptical that a marketer could match expectations. Those who dont know what they want may not ever see the fit with what the seller wants them to buy. So, individualized offers depend on customers preferences how the offer was extended and on trust. Effective individual marketing requires not only an understanding of individual preferences and matching offers to those preferences, but also a thorough familiarity with the various factors that impact customers responses. This is a tall order, one that some companies have been able to fill, at least to some extent. For example, Amazon keeps track of customers purchases and suggests other books they might like. Dell builds computers from mass-made parts to customers specifications. But Simonson argues some companies can take the concept too far, like the Custom Foot chain of shoe stores that took detailed measurements and specifications from each customer to design one -of-a-kind shoes. Custom Foot didnt take into account that some customers were put off by the individualized attention, Simonson says, and felt obligated to buy the shoes because the store went to so much trouble. They often didnt come back. So knowing only the customer preferences is not enough. It is required to understand other aspects of customer behaviour. Keeping this in mind, present study will find out and analyze consumer behaviour of Nike shoes. About The Industry Nike, the number one manufacturer of footwear and apparel, has become a household name on the same level as mogul companies McDonalds, Coca-Cola and Budweiser. Nike was founded in 1964 by track coach and runner duo Bill Bowerman and Phillip Knight as Blue Ribbons Sports, later becoming Nike, Inc. in 1978. The name Nike was chosen in reference to the Greek Goddess of victory. Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, helped others succeed in times of war. NIKE, the worlds #1 shoemaker, does more dominating than assisting, to capture a hefty share of the athletic shoe market. It designs and sells shoes for a variety of sports, including baseball, cheerleading, golf, volleyball, hiking, tennis, and football. NIKE also sells Cole Haan dress and casual shoes, as well as athletic apparel and equipment. In addition, NIKE operates NIKETOWN shoe and sportswear stores, NIKE factory outlets, and NIKE Women shops. Nike didnt run TV ads until 1982. Previously, Nike concentrated on sponsorships and celebrity athletes endorsements including both professional athletes and college teams. The first professional athlete endorser was Ilie Natase a Romanian tennis player. The first track and field athlete to endorse the brand was Steve Prefontaine. Nike has signed top athletes in the sports of Football, Basketball, Soccer, Baseball, Cycling, Golf, Tennis, Skateboarding, Boxing, Track and Field and Formula 1 Racing. One of Nikes best PR decisions was signing Michael Jordan as a celebrity endorser in 1984. Nikes steady competition in the 1980s was Reebok. To break any similarities they had to Reebok, Nike began promoting its shoes as fashion accessories. Reebok had cornered the younger, aerobics audience, so Nike started concentrating their ads around the person wearing the product rather than the product itself. In the 80s, Nike grew to hold 50% of the market share in the athletic shoe market. In 1988, Nike employees met with advertising agency Wieden and Kennedy (formed in 1982). In the midst of the meeting, Dan Weiden turned to the Nike employees and said, â€Å"You Nike guys, you just do it.† And so the infamous Just Do It tagline was born. Nike currently enjoys a 47% market share of the domestic footwear industry, with sales of $3.77 billion. NIKE sells its products in more than 180 countries, for over twenty-five years and there are over 500,000 people today directly engaged in the production of their products. They utilize an outsourcing strategy, using only subcontractors throughout the globe. Their majority of their output today is produced in factories in China, Indonesia, and Vietnam, but they also have factories in Italy, the Philippines, Taiwan, and South Korea. These factories are 100% owned by subcontractors, with the majority of their output consisting solely of Nike products. However, Nike does employ teams of four expatriates per each of the big three countries (China, Indonesia, Vietnam), that focus on both quality of product and quality of working conditions, visiting the factories weekly. They also developed their code of conduct in 1992 and have implemented it across the globe, as its goal is to set th e standard for subcontractors to follow if they wish to do business with Nike. However, due to a manufacturing network of this magnitude, they have faced numerous violations involving factory conditions and human rights issues, which have been widely publicized. Nike, Inc. is engaged in the design, development and worldwide marketing of footwear, apparel, equipment and accessory products. Nikes athletic footwear products are designed for specific athletic use, although some of its products are worn for casual or leisure purposes. The Company creates designs for men, women and children. Running, basketball, childrens, cross-training and womens shoes are the Companys top-selling product categories. Nike also markets shoes designed for outdoor activities, tennis, golf, soccer, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, hiking and other athletic and recreational uses. Nike sells active sports apparel that covers most of these categories, athletically inspired lifestyle apparel and others. Nikes mission is to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world, and the company says further that If you have a body, you are an athlete. The firms overall vision includes providing a full range of high-quality, performance-oriented and technologically sophisticated athletic shoes and a variety of accessories targeting individuals of all ages, in all market segments. Nike Air Max+2009 Nikes patented Nike Air Max+2009 Light Architecture selectively alters maximum cushioning, maximum comfort a premium ride. High-end technology combines with streamlined design in the Nike Air Max+ 2009 Running Shoe for a premium ride and fit built for speed. Ideal if youre a runner with an underpronated to neutral gait, the Air Max+ 2009 boasts maximum comfort and cushioning from heel-strike to toe-off. The full-length articulated Max Air unit provides exceptional cushioning and allows for a smoother, more natural range of motion through every foot strike. The Nike Air Max line has had a long and impressive history of constantly innovating and providing stylish ultra-functional sneakers in the process. The latest offering in the line is the Air Max+ 2009 Running Shoe, a sleek new model with some very nice touches like Flywire technology and a full 360 Air Max sole unit. The shoe also features a partially transparent upper that reveals the Flywire and a mesh under layer. The fellas will have grey/black/red and Silver/volt/black colour ways to sink their teeth into, while the ladies versions will come in grey/orange and grey/silver/liquid lime. The Features of Nike Air Max+2009: The State of the art Flywire An ultra-strong and ultra-light Flywire provides both targeted support and a uniquely dynamic fit. The Acclaimed Max Air A full-length articulated Max Air unit provides maximum cushioning to give a smoother ride. A Cushy Ride Full-length Cushion combines plush cushioning with springy resilience for both comfort and protection. Cutting Edge Engineering Ensure better runs with the engineered heel collar that conforms to the shape of foot for a more comfortable fit and feel Durable Exterior Strategically placed lugs and a waffle-like outsole gives an optimal traction, durability and cushioning. How Nike Air Works Durable, Versatile, Revolutionary, Nike Air was the first air technology developed at Nike, and it changed the way of thinking about cushioning: encapsulated air to cushion the foot strike in athletic shoes. It remains the standard in impact protection more than 20 years after its debut. How Nike+ Works Nike+ is designed for athletes who like to run with music and who want to measure and monitor their progress toward their goals. To get instant workout feedback, youll need Nike+ ready shoes and either a Nike+ SportBand or an iPod ® nano and Nike + iPod Sport Kit (which includes a sensor and iPod nano receiver). When placed under the sockliner of the left Nike+ ready shoe, the sensor measures your pace, distance, time elapsed and calories burned. This information is transmitted wirelessly to the receiver for real-time audio feedback while you listen to your favorite workout music. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Nike is a language of sports, a universally understood lexicon of passion and competition. A lot has happened at Nike in the 30 years since they entered the industry, most of it good, some of it downright embarrassing. But through it all, Nike remain totally focused on creating performance opportunities for everyone who would benefit, and offering empowering messages for everyone who would listen. What started with a handshake between two running geeks in sleepy Eugene, Oregon, are now the worlds most competitive sports and Fitness Company. The World Headquarters is in Beaverton, Oregon. The Pacific Northwest is Nikes hometown, but like so many ambitious souls, Nike has expanded their horizons to every corner of the world. Nike employs around 23,000 people, and every one of them is significant to our mission of bringing inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. Along the way Nike joined up with some great partner companies that help extend our reach within and beyond sports. Cole Haan offers casual luxury footwear and accessories out of New York City and Yarmouth, Maine. Bauer Nike Hockey, based in Montreal, Quebec, is the worlds leading manufacturer of hockey equipment and a wholly owned subsidiary of Nike, Inc. Nike partnered with Hurley International, a premium teen lifestyle brand founded by 20-year industry veteran Bob Hurley based in Costa Mesa, California. In 2003, Nike completed the acquisition of Converse, the globally recognized footwear brand with nearly a century of sports heritage and home of the perennially popular Chuck Taylor All-Star and Jack Purcell footwear. In August 2004, Nike created the Exeter Brands Group, a wholly owned subsidiary, dedicated to building athletic footwear and apparel brands for the value retail channel. This portfolio of brands includes the Official Starter Properties LLC and Official Starter LLC which are the sole owners and licensors of the Starter, Team Starter and Asphalt brand names as well as master licensee of the Shaq and Dunkman brands, a line of athletic apparel, footwear and accessory products for the value retail channel. The Nike family is a fairly vast enterprise. Nike operates on six continents Nikes suppliers, shippers, retailers and service providers employ close to 1 million people. The diversity inherent in such size is helping Nike evolve its role as a global company. They see a bigger picture today than when they have started, one that includes building sustainable business with sound labour practices. Nike retains the zeal of youth yet act on our responsibilities as a global corporate citizen. â€Å"If you have a body, you are an athlete. And as long as there are athletes, there will be Nike†. PRODUCT TREND Bovine skin was by far the most preferred leather material, followed by goat/kid/lamb/sheep skin and crocodile skin. Respondents overwhelmingly preferred the colour black and to a lesser extent, dark brown. For handbags/briefcases, popular colours included light brown, white and red. Consumer Segments with the Biggest Spending Power Male professionals, managers and executives are the segment with the biggest spending power for now and in the coming three years. The Competitiveness of Hong Kong Brands/ Suppliers of Leather Consumer Goods. Most retailers consider Hong Kong brands to be either very competitive or quite competitive in both high-end and mid-range segments, but less competitive in the low-end segment. The competitiveness of Hong Kong brands mainly rests on their product style/design and quality, with most respondents picking those as the major reasons behind the attractiveness of Hong Kong brands in the high-end and mid-range segments respectively. PRODUCT PROFILE Apart from delivering a pair of comfortable sports shoes Nike also provides a number of value-added features with its products. The features that are a part of every Nike sports shoe are as follows. High Performance Sports Shoes: Nike has patented the â€Å"Air† system and has made it into a regular feature in most of its models. Many models feature an air pocket in the shoe that reduces the weight of the shoe and reduces pressure on the heels. The overall design and compactness of the shoes have made it a favourite of many professional athletes around the world. Comfort: Nike shoes are renowned all over the world for the comfort they provide. Well padded and cushioned, they provide a tremendous level of comfort to the wearer and reduce the strain to his feet while playing. Lightweight: This attribute is in line with the two described above. A lightweight shoe provides greater mobility and eases the pressure on the feet of the wearer. Durability: People purchasing a pair of shoes at such a high price often feel that they have made an investment. They would obviously want to see their shoes last a long time. To prove this point we draw the example of the authors of this marketing plan. All of us own a pair of Nikes and have been wearing them for well over two years a symbol of the durability of Nike shoes. Style: Nikes designs are considered to be the most stylish in the industry and beat all others as far as looks are concerned. Attractively packaged, it is a delight to bring a pair home. Add to this the â€Å"Swoosh† the most recognizable symbol in sports and you have a product that would give the user a definite sense of pride. Nike shoes also come with a guarantee card that enables the owner to return it in case of manufacturing defects. However, owing to the fact that the company implements strict quality control measures, coming across a defective pair in a store are a rarity. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0 and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes, called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors. Nike positions its products in such a way as to try to appeal to a youthful.materialistic crowd. It is positioned as a premium performance brand. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research comprise defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating Hypothesis. In short, the search for Knowledge through Objective and Systematic method of finding solutions to a problem is Research. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES  · To study the tastes, preferences and buying behaviour of consumer in case of foot wear of Nike.  · To analyze buying behaviour of consumers.  · To recommend strategies to Nike to increase sales.  · SWOT analysis of the product sold.  · Comparative study with the competitors. RESEARCH DESIGN TYPE OF RESEARCH: Descriptive research Descriptive research includes Surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. DATA SOURCES There are two types of data. Source of primary data for the present study is collected through questionnaire and answered by consumers of Nike shoes. The secondary data is collected from journals, books and through Internet search. PRIMARY DATA: The data that is collected first hand by someone specifically for the purpose of facilitating the study is known as primary data. So in this research the data is collected from respondents through questionnaire. SECONDARY DATA: For the company information I had used secondary data like brochures, web site of the company etc. The Method used by me is Survey Method as the research done is Descriptive Research. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS Selected instrument for Data Collection for Survey is Questionnaire. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN FORMULATION Under this method, list of questions pertaining to the survey are prepared for marketing staff of consumers of Nike shoes. Questionnaire has structured type questions as well as unstructured type questions. Structured objective type questions are prepared for the respondents with fixed response categories. Some of the questions are of multiple-choice type. The questions have more than one alternative. Questionnaire: A questionnaire consists of a set of questions presented to respondent for their answers. It can be Closed Ended or Open Ended Open Ended: Allows respondents to answer in their own words are difficult to Interpret and Tabulate. Close Ended: Pre-specify all the possible answers are easy to Interpret and Tabulate. TYPES OF QUESTION INCLUDED: DICHOTOMOUS QUESTIONS: Which has only two answers â€Å"Yes† or â€Å"No†? MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: Were respondent is offered more than two choices. IMPORTANCE SCALES: A scale that rates the importance of some attribute. RATING SCALE: A scale that rates some attribute from â€Å"highly satisfied † to â€Å"highly unsatisfied† and â€Å"very inefficient† to â€Å"very efficient†. SAMPLING UNIT: Who is to be surveyed? The marketing researcher must define the target population that will be sampled. The sample Unit taken by me is to the General public of different age group, different gender and different profession. EXTENT: Where the survey should be carried out? I have covered entire residential area of Dubai city for the survey. TIME FRAME:- When the survey should be conducted? I conducted my survey for 8weeks from 10th may to 10th July SAMPLING FRAME: The source from which the sample is drawn SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: How the respondent is chosen? In the Project sampling is done on basis of Probability sampling. Among the probability sampling design the sampling design chosen is stratified random sampling. Because in this survey I had stratified the sample in different age group, different gender and different profession. SAMPLE SIZE Consumers of shoes, 50 no: STEPS FOLLOWED IN COMPLETING THE STUDY: (i) Libraries (ii) Internet sites containing information on Nike shoes marketing are browsed. (iii) Journal containing info (iv) Sample survey was conducted (v) Data was thoroughly checked for error. DATA PROCESSING METHODOLOGY  · Once the primary data have been collected, they are edited inspected, corrected and modified.  · Tabulation bring similar data together and totalling them in meaningful categories. Questionnaires are edited both in the field and later in home. Field editing took place just often the interview. Generally editing is required for open type of questions. Brief notes or symbols are frequently used during the interview to initially record the interviewers response since it was not desirable to interrupt the flow with lengthy note taking. The responses are thoroughly checked at home for incorrect, inconsequential or contradictions categories are developed only often the replies has been reviewed. This review provided a feel for the pattern of answers and thus determine what categories best represent the answers. The collected data are placed in an order. Percentages of respondents answered similarly are calculated and placed in a table. Then this is interpreted. Interpretation changes the new information immerging from the analysis into information that is pertinent or relevant to the study. CONCLUSION WAS DRAWN BASED ON THE SURVEY FINDINGS: Finally recommendation was made to improve the sales strategy of Nike shoes to increase the sales volume. SAMPLE DESIGN THE BASIS OF SAMPLING: Consumers of Nike shoes are chosen randomly, so that unbiased, representative sample may be obtained. LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH The geographical area was very much limited to residential area so the results are not particularly reflection of the current behaviour. BIASES AND NON-COOPERATION OF THE RESPONDENTS: The collected data are placed into an order. Percentages of respondents answered similarly are calculated and placed in a table. Then this is interpreted. This involved drawing conclusion from the gathered data. Interpretation changes the new information immerging from the analysis into information that is pertinent or relevant to the study. Due to limited time period and constrained working hours for most of the respondents, the answers at times were vague enough to be ignored. Most of the people take their Nike Shoes in the period preceding March so the response to initial contacts were not all encouraging and that has been the primary reason in the inability to quantify the results large enough so as to deduce any relevant outcomes. COMPANY PROFILE NIKE INDUSTRIES LTD. A COMPANY PROFILE Nike India Ltd (BIL) is India‘s largest footwear company. Nike first established itself in India in 1931 and commenced manufacturing shoes in Batanagar in 1936. The company has its Headquarters in Kolkata and manufactures over 33 million pairs per year in five plants located in Batanagar (West Bengal), Faridabad (Haryana), Bangalore (Karnataka), Patna (Bihar), Hosur (Tamil Nadu). It secures its leather supply from two tanneries in Mokamehghat (Bihar) and Batanagar (West Bengal). It has a distribution network of over 1,500 retail stores and 27 wholesale depots provide excellent access to consumers and wholesale customers throughout India. As on December 31, 2006, the Canadian parent had a 51 per cent stake while institutional holding was about 13 per cent. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Nike India has said that its Faridabad and Mokamehghat units are being taken over by Fashion Shoe Private Ltd and BDCL Enterprises Pvt Ltd, respectively. The company is also enabling the buy back provision in its Articles of association to enable buy back of shares. The assets and liabilities of both the units will be transferred to these companies and shares will be offered in the agreed ratio to the existing shareholders of Nike India Ltd on a record date, which will be fixed by the Calcutta High Court. While retail sales have increased both in value and volume, wholesale sales have declined due to restriction of supplies as a means to recover customers outstanding. General recession and sluggish market conditions in the industry also have had a direct impact on lower sales and profitability. Resistance of consumers to price rises in popular volume products as well as discounts to clear slow-moving stocks and under utilization of production capacity adversely affected the operational results. The lockout declared at the Peenya factory on October 1, 2008 due to serious industrial relation problems and non-compliance with the tripartite settlement has been withdrawn. The footwear manufactured in this factory, which was shifted to the companys other factories and associated manufacturers, will now be gradually produced within the factory. In Simonsons words, â€Å"The benefits and costs of fitting individual customer preference are more complex and less deterministic than has been assumed†. Thats because customer preferences are often ill-defined and susceptible to various influences, and in many cases, customers have poor insight into their preferences. In one of his recent papers, Simonson tackles the issue of one-to-one marketing and mass customization. Supporters of these marketing approaches have suggested that learning what customers want and giving them exactly what they want will create customer loyalty and an insurmountable barrier to competition. But Simonson has this to say: The fact that consumer preferences are often fuzzy, unstable, and manipulatable is unlikely to change. So, the effectiveness of methods to give customers exactly what they want has been grossly exaggerated. His take on the long-held assumption that individual marketing will supplant targeted marketing is â€Å"not so fast†. In studies, he has learned that even when customers have well-defined preferences and receive offers that fit those preferences; it is far from certain that the response to such offers will consistently be more favourable than those directed at larger market segments. Its all psychology. Consumers with well-defined preferences may be sceptical that a marketer could match expectations. Those who dont know what they want may not ever see the fit with what the seller wants them to buy. So, individualized offers depend on customers preferences how the offer was extended and on trust. Effective individual marketing requires not on ly an understanding of individual preferences and matching offers to those preferences, but also a thorough familiarity with the various factors that impact customers responses, Simonson writes. This is a tall order, one that some companies have been able to fill, at least to some extent. For example, Amazon keeps track of customers purchases and suggests other books they might like. Dell builds computers from mass-made parts to customers specifications. But Simonson argues some companies can take the concept too far, like the Custom Foot chain of shoe stores that took detailed measurements and specifications from each customer to design one-of-a-kind shoes. Custom Foot didnt take into account that some customers were put off by the individualized attention, Simonson says, and felt obligated to buy the shoes because the store went to so much trouble. They often didnt come back. So knowing only the customer preferences is not enough. It is required to understand other aspects of cust omer behaviour. Keeping this in mind, present study will find out and analyze consumer behaviour of Nike shoes with reference to ladies segment. FUTURE PLAN The management says that it is not averse to outsourcing if it worked out cheaper. It is also open to the idea of importing shoes mostly from China if it works out cheaper. Nike and Reebok India Company have announced an agreement to foray into retailing partnership for sale of Reebok and Rockport footwear in Nike outlets. The partnership entails retailing a range of sports shoes for walking, running, tennis and training for personal fitness and sports. An attractive valuation compared to its peers is the main trigger for the scrip. Besides, the companys aggressive focus on retailing and revamping of business (a division into shoes and apparels) is also helping sentiment for the scrip. Plans are afoot to start selling apparel in India made by the joint venture North Star. Theres talk that the company is planning on a voluntary retirement scheme (VRS) to cut costs. For the third quarter ended 30 September 2007, Nike India reduced its losses to Rs.5.68 crore on a 9.2% increase in net profit to Rs.154.27 crore. Despite reducing its losses for the quarter, Nike India has, over the last few quarters, been continuously recording weak performances as a result of an overall slowdown in the industry due to lower consumer spending. Increasing domestic competition, particularly from the unorganized sector, has also been eroding into the companys market share. The company is finding it difficult to maintain its market share in a highly price-sensitive Indian market, despite having strong brand recall. 97% of the companys revenues are from the domestic market while the remainder is from exports. Nike India is the biggest player in the Indian shoe market. Nike Indias major problems include its high cost of production and low emphasis on marketing. The company may be able to address the first problem through outsourcing products. Batas brand image has been restricted to that of a company that emphasizes on utilitarian products more than trendy ones. Customers feel the company is lacking in innovation. Hence, their preference has shifted to other local brands. Nike India has a large marketing network with over 1,600 showrooms, 35 wholesale depots and eight retail distribution centres across the country. Besides, there is a network of 500 exclusive wholesalers servicing 30,000 dealers all over the country. However, in spite of this and the license to sell other brands like Nike, Hush Puppies and Lotto, Nike has not been able to improve sales consistently. The recent rise i